Mojtaba G.Mahmoodlu; Tara Sotoudehnia
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Groundwater serves as the primary drinking water source in Golestan Province. Therefore, this study aims to assess the non-cancerous health risks associated with nitrate and fluoride in the province's drinking water sources. Materials and Methods: Physicochemical data from ...
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Background and Purpose: Groundwater serves as the primary drinking water source in Golestan Province. Therefore, this study aims to assess the non-cancerous health risks associated with nitrate and fluoride in the province's drinking water sources. Materials and Methods: Physicochemical data from 139 drinking water wells were obtained from the Golestan Province Water and Wastewater Company during the spring and autumn. Significant ion variations were analyzed, and factors influencing the chemistry of drinking water sources in Golestan Province were investigated. Non-carcinogenic health risks posed by nitrate and fluoride were assessed using two indicators provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results: The maximum nitrate concentration in certain Golestan Province cities exceeds the Iranian drinking water standards (1053) and the World Health Organization's limits. However, fluoride levels in most cities fall below the range stipulated by domestic and international standards. The nitrate risk factor for children in select cities exceeds one, while it remains below one for other age groups. Notably, Khan Bebin City exhibits the lowest nitrate risk factor among the province's cities. Additionally, risk factor values show a slight increase during the autumn season. Non-cancerous health risk assessments for fluoride in drinking water sources across Golestan Province during spring and autumn indicate risk values below one for all age groups, including infants, children, teenagers, and adults. Conclusion: The health risk assessments for nitrates and fluorides indicate that children in certain cities face a higher risk from nitrates than adults. Moreover, the low fluoride levels in the province's drinking water sources increase the likelihood of tooth decay.
Mojtaba G.Mahmoodlu; Mostafa Raghimi; Maryam Ramezani Mojaveri
Abstract
Background and purpose: Fluoride is one of the important ions in drinking water, which in low or high concentrations causes some problems related to human health, such as tooth decay, dental fluorosis, or skeletal fluorosis. Present study was carried out to investigate the fluoride concentration as well ...
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Background and purpose: Fluoride is one of the important ions in drinking water, which in low or high concentrations causes some problems related to human health, such as tooth decay, dental fluorosis, or skeletal fluorosis. Present study was carried out to investigate the fluoride concentration as well as the effective factors in the fluoride distribution in drinking water supply sources of Golestan province.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, Golestan province was divided into four regions according to the distribution of loess. Next, groundwater samples from these areas were collected and chemical parameters of TDS, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, F-, PO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and Fe2+analyzed. After hydrogeochemical and statistical assessment, the relationship between fluoride and loess deposits and some physicochemical parameters were investigated.Results: Results of four regions showed that the fluoride amount is directly related to the loess deposits spread, so that in region 1 including Maraveh Tappeh, Kalaleh, and Gonbad there is the most spread of loess deposits, the fluoride amount is more than other areas. Results revealed that high correlation of fluoride with some ions such as calcium, bicarbonate, iron, sodium, and phosphate. Also, there is a high correlation between electrical conductivity as a salinity parameter and fluoride concentration in groundwater. So, an increase in salinity, the fluoride amount in the province's water resources has increased significantly. Water-rock reaction is the main factor controlling the groundwater chemistry and as a result, most possible factor for the fluoride leaching into groundwater.Conclusion: Chemical cement of loess along with some clay minerals is the main source of fluoride in groundwater sources in region 1 with the most spread of loess deposits. Saline water of the lower layers and their intrusion into the fresh water aquifer can be considered as the fluoride second source in Gorgan Plain.